Middle School English and Language Arts UDL Instructional Unit - Lesson 1

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Objectives:

• Students will use context clues to define unfamiliar words in a literature passage.
• Students will generate questions while reading a text to predict possible outcomes of the conflict within the text's plot.
• Students will analyze the role of setting as it creates an organizational structure for the text.
• Students will summarize the text.

Essential Questions:

• What are the most important events in the text?
• How does the author organize the structure of the text?
• Predictive Questions to be used during reading:
  • What do you predict will happen to Tom?
  • How will the people of the town react to Tom and Becky being found?
  • What are the possible outcomes of Judge Thatcher's decisions?

Vocabulary:

Adorn - To enhance appearance especially with beautiful objects

Avocation - An activity that one engages in as a hobby outside one's occupation/profession

Delirious - Wild with excitement, enthusiasm, etc.

Peal - Loud ringing of bells

Materials Needed:

• Use the book, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, by Mark Twain or download the book or the pertinent portions of the book.
  • To download: Search for Tom Sawyer at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ or www.tumblereadables.com to purchase a site license.
  • The Gutenberg Project version is free and available in multiple formats.
  • Only Chapter 32 is needed for the purposes of this lesson.
  • The direct link for the html version of Chapter 32 is http://www.gutenberg.org/files/74/74-h/74-h.htm\#c32.
  • The Adventures of Tom Sawyer_Chapter32 PowerPoint is located in the support samples for each lesson. It may be used to review the plot, vocabulary and standards addressed in the lesson.
• Small sticky notes
• Chart paper
• Markers which are easily visible to whole class
• Pencils
• Lined paper
• Summary Peaks graphic organizer
• Context Clues Place Mat graphic organizer
• Graphic Novel version published by either Classics Illustrated of Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer or www.graphicclassroom.org. Use the search function on the website to search for Tom Sawyer.

Lesson 1: Introduction

A. Activate Previous Knowledge

1. Students read Chapter 32 of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.

• Record the vocabulary words that are unfamiliar on sticky notes, using one sticky note for each word.
• Students also record the page number from the text on which the unfamiliar word occurs.

2. Students generate at least two questions about the text and share the questions within their small group of 3 students after completing Chapter 32.
3. Students use the Context Clues Place Mat to record all of the context clues that surround the word(s) they have identified as unfamiliar.

• Working in their small groups, students build a working definition of the unfamiliar term.
• Students place the sticky note in the middle of the Context Clues Place Mat in the framed area.
• The spaces before and after the framed word are provided so students place the specific context clues into the proper order from in the passage occurring before or after the unfamiliar word.
• Model the first term as an example of the process expected from each group. See the Appendix to Lesson 1 for answer keys.

4. Prompting questions are used to assist students in analyzing the role of context clues to determine word meaning.

See Appendix for exemplars ….

These following questions guide students through each phase of the graphic organizer:

• What are the important words that come before the unfamiliar word that might help you understand the meaning of the unfamiliar word?
• These important words are called context clues. What clues do they provide about the unfamiliar word?
• What do you know about these clue words?
• What do they remind you of?
• If you had to guess the meaning of the unfamiliar word based on what you already know about these clue words, what do you think the word insert word here means?
5. After working definitions of the unfamiliar words have been developed by the small group and placed in the bottom, left-hand box on the graphic organizer, students use a dictionary or thesaurus to clarify their understandings.
• Using the internet versions of dictionaries and thesauri are strongly encouraged.
• Technical definitions must be recorded in the bottom right-hand box on the graphic organizer.
6. To extend the activity, follow-up questions could include:
• How did your group use context clues to find the meaning of the word on the sticky note?
  • Potential Student Answer: The context clues allowed our group to "figure out" the meaning of the word.
• What was difficult about the process?
  • Potential Student Answer: Sometimes the definition we developed did not match the dictionary's definition. Other times, our group had difficulty finding the clue words and what they meant.
• How was the definition developed by your group both similar and different from the technical definition?
  • Potential Student Answer: This answer will vary from group-to-group and word-to-word.
7. Final Note: Model the first term for the whole group as an example of the process expected from each small group.
• Modeling to determine word meaning using context clues can be used across various types of texts like informative, literary, and technical as well as Language Arts, History, and Science.

If the student has had little to no experience with the concept of compare, contrast or setting, it might be helpful to provide instruction using the Lesson 1 Concept Reinforcement Activity (CRA) prior to teaching the Introduction to Lesson 1.

Additional Considerations for Emerging Readers

1. Provide Chapter 32:
• In symbol-based text format and use symbols of unfamiliar words on the sticky notes.
• In a summarized format which may be in symbol-based text format.
• Through the use of a text reader.
2. Provide several questions which could be in a symbol-based text format and:
• Students select the two questions they are interested in asking.
• Students identify events or details from the text to question others. Students could ask verbally, by touch, etc.
3. Provide Context Clues Place Mat as it is using symbol-based text cards to complete or provide it in digital format.
4. Reduce the number of vocabulary words.

Additional Considerations for Emerging Communicators

1. Provide Chapter 32:
• With text reader which students could activate through adaptive switches as appropriate.
• Summarized in auditory format which students may or may not control through adaptive switches as appropriate.
• With switch use as appropriate.
• With main ideas, characters, settings, events, etc. which may be presented in summarized and/or auditory format supplemented with visual or tactile cues and/or other referents like photographs, symbols, concrete objects/realia or other tactile systems such as the Standard Tactile Symbol List available from the Texas School for the Blind www.tsbvi.edu/tactile-symbols.
• Some referents may need to be pre-taught (Rowland, 2012). Use of the same referents or system during this lesson and other novels will reduce the need for pre-teaching.
2. For questions that students ask:
• Students select from visual or tactile symbols to indicate questions they want to ask.
• Students stop text reader or auditory recording to indicate the part of the text they want to question.
• Students use the symbols or text recording in the small group work.
3. Provide the Context Clues Place Mats:
• Adapt with tactile cues such as outlining the graphics with glue or pipe cleaners/Wikki Stix, etc.
• Supplement with a different textural/color background on each graphic area.
• Reduce the number of graphics on each Context Clues Place Mat.
  • Place clues on one page of the Place Mat and definitions on another page, require only one clue and/or one definition.
• Include visual or tactile symbols to complete the Context Clues Place Mats.
4. Provide choices for students to complete the graphic organizer.
• Depending upon students' abilities to make appropriate choices, the choices may be obviously discrepant in correctness (one correct vs. obviously incorrect) and number or choices provided (one correct and one incorrect vs. one correct and three incorrect).

Reduce the number of vocabulary words.

b. Establish Goals/Objectives for the Lesson

1. Students will use context clues to define unfamiliar words in a literature passage.
2. Students will generate questions during reading in order to predict possible outcomes of the conflict within the text's plot.
3. Students will analyze the role of setting as it creates a sequential structure within the text.
4. Students will summarize the text.

Students will compare the print version of a text to the graphic novel.

Multiple means of representation: Context Clues Place Mat graphic organizer, digital version of text on computer, online dictionary

Multiple means of expression: Graphic organizer, Alpha Smart

Multiple means of engagement: Online version of text, small group

Lesson 1: Body

Direct Instruction and/or Facilitation of the Lesson

1. The Summary Peaks graphic organizer's end goal is for students to develop a systematic process for summarizing a literary text. The graphic organizer is influenced by several assumptions:
• Students have difficulty deciding which events in a story are the most important events in the story.
• The process of selecting events based on importance or significance is a highly subjective process which depends on the value system and prior experiences of students.
• Literary texts are often organized in a sequential structure.
• Most events in most literary texts take place in a setting.
2. If the assumptions above are true, then writing summaries based on the most significant events within a sequence of settings is the most concrete, logical, and objective process for students to follow to achieve these stated goals.
3. Students follow the process outlined on the Summary Peaks graphic organizer.
• Begin with small groups of students identifying the settings within the text.
• Place the settings in the sequence in which they occur.
  • Numbering the settings helps students maintain the proper sequence.
• Finish the row of settings so students discuss the events that occur within the setting and decide/record the most important or significant event from the first setting.
• Follow the same process for the other settings identified in the bottom row of the graphic organizer.
• Students need to establish an agreement within their groups because the sequence of events based on the sequence of settings is the foundation for writing the summary.
4. Students must use textual evidence to support their selections of a significant event.
• Textual evidence can be a direct quote, example from the text, or paraphrased portion of the text.
• Students must refer to either a page number or paragraph number in their answer.
• Other students will be able to locate the evidence if they disagree about events to be included in the summaries.
  • For example, "On page 217, in the second paragraph it states…."
5. Students draw the event in question.
• The visual will help students complete the last row at the top of the graphic organizer while also allowing students to form more comprehensive connections to the reading.
• The last row of the graphic organizer requires students to paraphrase the significant event, or "put the event into their own words."
6. The following prompting questions guide students through each phase of the graphic organizer:
• What is the most important event in the first setting (and second, third, etc.)?
  • Why is it important?
  • Find an example or evidence from the reading that proves that the event you have chosen is important.
• Out of all the events in the story identified by your group, which ones are the most important?
  • Why?
  • When and where did the event(s) occur?
    • Potential Student Answer: The most important event in the story is when Tom finds a way out of the cave. If Tom had not found a way out of the cave, then the events in the rest of the chapter could not have happened. The event mentioned above takes place during the day in the cave.
• Which settings are most important to the story?
  • Does the author use any setting(s) more than once?
  • Is that setting important to the development of the story?
  • Why or why not?
    • Potential Student Answer: Mark Twain uses the cave and Judge Thatcher's house multiple times in the story. The cave is where all of the conflict takes place and is the main subject that Tom, the main character, talks about. Judge Thatcher's house is important because that is where Tom reveals all of the important information about the cave: How he and Becky escaped and that Injun Joe is still in the cave.
• Which settings, if they were removed, would change the story the most?
  • Potential Student Answer : The two settings above have to be in the story. Without the cave, there would be no conflict in the story and without Judge Thatcher's house, Tom's story would have to be told and all of the villagers would have to hug and kiss the children somewhere else.

Multiple means of representation: Context Clues Place Mat graphic organizer, digital version of text on computer, online dictionary

Multiple means of expression: Graphic organizer, Alpha Smart

Multiple means of engagement: Online version of text, small group

Additional Considerations for Emerging Readers

1. After students have identified (verbally, by touch, selecting from several choices, etc.) several settings from the text, have them sequence the settings in the order they occurred.
• Students could do this activity while the chapter is being read.
• Depending upon students' needs, strengths, and interests, students may write the settings on the bottom row of the Summary Peaks graphic organizer.
• Depending upon the goal of student writing (independence, participation, fine motor development, etc.), students may write independently (using inventive spelling, cursive vs. print, etc.) copy from a model, trace, or other means.
• Digitally complete the settings row.
• Cut and paste symbol-based text icons for each setting.
• Verbally, through eye-gaze, or otherwise indicate the sequence with someone scribing for students.
• Work with a reduced number of settings.
2. The graphic organizer may need to be manipulated so each row is on a different page if the modes of students' responses need more space.
• For example, if students are going to write their answers but the writing is large, have the settings row alone on a single piece of paper will give students more room to write.
3. Using any of the ideas in the previous bullets, students complete the remaining rows of the Summary Peaks graphic organizer.
• If students have difficulty switching from setting-to-setting based upon the completion of the graphic organizer rows, students could complete the organizer column by column.
  • For example, instead of identifying the major event in each setting and then providing text-based evidence for each event, students take the first setting, identify the event, provide a supporting example from the text, etc., and then do the same for the second setting, the third, setting, and so on. In this case, if extra space is needed, instead of providing each row on a separate piece of paper as mentioned previously, each column might be placed on a separate piece of paper.
  • Color coding the background of each column can help students connect all the information on the graphic organizer around a particular setting or event.
4. In the last row of the graphic organizer, students highlight (physically, digitally, or verbally with a scribe) key words in the text example instead of coming up with their own words.

Additional Considerations for Emerging Communicators

1. Given symbolic representations of settings (symbols, concrete objects/realia, textures, etc.) in Chapter 32, students identify through their established communication systems (assistive technology, eye gaze, touch, verbalization/vocalizations, etc.) the sequence of the settings/events in Chapter 32.
2. Provide choices for students to answer questions that complete the graphic organizer.
• Depending upon students' abilities to make appropriate choices, the choices may be obviously discrepant in correctness (village vs. jungle) and number of choices provided (one correct and one incorrect vs. one correct and three incorrect).
3. Students use their established communication systems (technologically-based, eye gaze, touch, verbalization/vocalizations, etc.) combined with visual or tactile symbols to complete the Summary Peaks graphic organizer.
4. Manipulate the graphic organizer:
• Put each row on a different page if the students' response modes require more space.
• Put each column of the graphic organizer on a different page so students concentrate on one setting/event at a time.
• Provide color coding of the columns.
• Provide textured backgrounds to the rows.
• Provide extra tactile/visuals cues to the organizer such as outlining the graphics with glue or pipe cleaners/Wikki Stix, etc.

Reduce the number of settings/events students must work with.

Lesson 1: Practice

1. On the back of the graphic organizer, have students put the top row of event descriptions into a paragraph format. The result is a rough draft of a summary of the plot of the story.

See Appendix….

2. Students may need assistance with developing transitions in between the described events to write a fluid, high-quality paragraph.
3. Upon completing the summary in small group, have students share the summaries with the whole group.
4. Supply students with a graphic novel version of the same section of the text. (Very few graphic novel versions are broken into distinct chapters.)
• Students read the graphic novel version individually for the purposes of comparing the author's usage of setting to that of Mark Twain's usage of setting.
5. Students return to their original small group to complete a Venn Diagram which compares the settings of both texts.

See Appendix….

6. To increase evaluative skills, students write a summary of the graphic novel version as a whole class on chart paper. This process refines and clarifies initial understandings as well develops a deeper understanding of the text.

Multiple means of representation: Chart Paper, Venn Diagram, Graphic Novel

Multiple means of expression: Writing, discussion

Multiple means of engagement: Discussion, small group collaboration, whole group collaboration, evaluative thinking skills

Additional Considerations for Emerging Readers

1. Depending upon students' needs, strengths, and interests, students write the summary paragraph based upon the top row of event descriptions on the reverse side of the Summary Peaks graphic organizer by:
• Using a pencil or other writing instrument.
  • They can copy from a printed copy of the organizer (front side) to avoid flipping the paper back and forth.
• Digitally writing the paragraph with or without symbol-based text or a symbol-based text program.
• Sequencing (independently, verbally, through eye-gaze, the use of assistive technology, cut and paste, etc.) the event descriptions.
2. Students might share their paragraphs by:
• Reading them aloud.
• Reading certain words or symbols they know while a partner (peer or adult) reads the others.
  • For example, if the first sentence was "The people stopped looking," the partner might read, "The _____ stopped looking," and the student reads the word, "people" at the appropriate time in the sentence.
• Touching each word or symbol as a partner reads.
• Activating an audio recording of the paragraph.
• Providing printed copies of the paragraph to classmates.
3. Provide the graphic novel:
• In symbol-based text format.
• Through the use of a text reader.
4. Depending upon students' needs, strengths, and interests, students:
• Write the information into a Venn Diagram graphic organizer.
• Depending upon the objective of student writing (independence, participation, fine motor development, etc.), students write independently (using inventive spelling, cursive vs. print, etc.), copy from a model, trace, or use other means.
• Digitally complete the Venn Diagram.
• Cut and paste symbol-based text icons for each comparison detail.
• Verbally, through eye-gaze, or otherwise indicate where the details should be placed on the Venn Diagram and someone may scribe for students.
• Work with a reduced number of details.
5. The graphic organizer may need to be manipulated so each circle is larger if the students' response modes need more space.
6. Color coding the background of each circle can help students appropriately identify where details belong on the Venn Diagram.
• For example, the literary text circle might be yellow and the graphic novel circle might be blue, which would result in the overlapping space becoming green.
7. Provide the details for students to work with so they do not have to recall the details.
8. During the large group activity in which the whole class writes a summary of the graphic novel:
• Provide students with events from the graphic novel in their communication modes so they contribute to the class activity.
• As students provide information for the summary, remove information from students' choices so students do not repeat information.
9. Pre-plan certain pieces of information for students' large group contributions to assure that:
• Students know the answers.
• Students participate more fully in the large group.
• Students can be more successfully engaged and positively reinforced.

Additional Considerations for Emerging Communicators

1. Given symbolic representations (symbols, pictures/photographs, concrete objects/realia, textures, etc.) of the event descriptions (Students may still need some direct instruction to connect some relatively new event descriptions to their referents.), students write their paragraphs by:
• Using assistive technology, eye-gaze, verbalizations/vocalizations to sequence the event descriptions into a "paragraph form."
• Selecting (using their preferred methods of communication) the sequence of events through a series of multiple choice questions or yes/no questions.
  • For example, the partner (peer or adult) might hold up the referents for two event descriptions (one being the first event occurring in chronological order and the other being a different event) and ask, "Which event description should come first in the paragraph?"
  • The partner might also hold up one referent and ask, "Is this the first event in the chapter/paragraph?"
2. Students might share their paragraphs by:
• Reading them aloud, repeating short phrases provided auditorily by a partner.
• Reading certain words or symbols they know while a partner (peer or adult) reads the others.
  • For example, if the first sentence was, "The people stopped looking," the partner might read, "The _____ stopped looking," and the student reads the word, "people" at the appropriate time in the sentence.
  • Students who use symbols, pictures/photographs, concrete objects/realia, textures, etc. might read their words by holding-up, touching, or otherwise indicating which referent indicates the word for the blank.
• Touching each word or symbol as a partner reads.
• Activating an audio recording of the paragraph. For students working on cause and effect through the use of assistive technology, they might be required to activate the recording to read the paragraph or fill in the blank. (See second sub-bullet above.) Students who use a sequenced assistive technology device where each switch has a different sentence might activate the recordings of the sentences individually and in sequence.
• Providing printed copies of the paragraph to classmates.
3. Provide graphic novel:
• With text reader which students activate through adaptive switches as appropriate.
• In auditory format which students may or may not control through switch use.
• With main ideas, characters, settings, events, etc. supplemented with visual or tactile cues and/or other referents (photographs, symbols, concrete objects/realia or other tactile systems such as the Standard Tactile Symbol List available from the Texas School for the Blind www.tsbvi.edu/tactile-symbols. Some referents may need to be pre-taught (Rowland, 2012). Use of the same referents (or the system) during this and other novels will reduce the need for pre-teaching.
4. Given symbolic representations of details (symbols, concrete objects/realia, textures, etc.) of the two types of texts, students identify through their established communication systems (assistive technology, eye gaze, touch, verbalization/vocalizations, etc.) where each detail should be placed in the Venn Diagram.
5. Depending upon students' abilities, questions are presented in a variety of ways:
• Ask students, "Where does (provide detail) go?"
  • They would indicate using the preferred communication modes (pointing, eye-gaze, digitally, etc.) where the detail should be placed.
• Ask students, "Does (provide detail) go here?"
  • Students give a yes or no response.
6. Provide choices for students to answer questions that complete the graphic organizer.
• For example, the question might be "Which detail goes here?"
• The number or choices provided might vary depending upon students' abilities to make choices (e.g., one correct and one incorrect vs. one correct and three incorrect).
7. Students use their established communication systems (technologically-based, eye gaze, touch, verbalization/vocalizations, etc.) combined with visual or tactile symbols to complete the Venn Diagram.
8. Manipulate the graphic organizer:
• Make each circle is larger.
• Color code the circles.
  • For example, the literary text circle might be yellow and the graphic novel circle might be blue, which would result in the overlapping space becoming green.
• Provide textured backgrounds to the circles.
• Provide extra tactile/visuals cues to the organizer such as outlining the circles with glue or pipe cleaners/Wikki Stix, etc. or providing containers instead of "2 dimensional" circles.
• Reduce the number of details students must work with.
9. During the large group activity in which the whole class writes a summary of the graphic novel:
• Provide students with events from the graphic novel in their communication modes so they contribute to the class activity.
• As students provide information for the summary, remove information from students' choices as they are presented so students do not repeat information.
Pre-plan certain pieces of information for students' contributions.
• For example, pre-plan asking students, "Where do the villagers wait for the children to return?"
• Students are expected to use communication devices that, when activated, state, "The river."
• Pre-planning accomplishes three objectives:
  • Students know the answer.
  • Students participate more fully in the large group.
  • Students can be more successfully engaged and positively reinforced.

Lesson 1: Closure

A. Revisit/Review Lesson and Objectives

Remind students that they were learn new vocabulary by using text, and:

1. Students will use context clues to define unfamiliar words in a literature passage.
2. Students will generate questions while reading a text to predict possible outcomes of the conflict within the text's plot.
3. Students will analyze the role of setting as it creates an organizational structure for the text.
4. Students will summarize the text.

Below are scripted examples of a closing discussion about the lesson. The teacher script is in bold.

1. As you were reading the original text, I asked you to generate some questions. A good reader asks questions as they read. Did the questions you have generated help your group better understand the text?
• Potential Student Answer: Some people in our group had similar questions and some of us were able to answer each other's questions. Other questions did not help.
2. What types of questions should we, as readers, be asking as we read?
• Potential Student Answer: We should be asking questions about why events happen in the story, where the events take place, what characters are in the events and things like that.
3. If you recall, we formed small groups to work on unfamiliar vocabulary in the text. We explored how readers use context clues in order to find the meaning of unfamiliar words. How do context clues help readers understand unfamiliar words?
• Potential Student Answer: Context Clues guide readers toward a loose definition of a word. They are hints, and when readers add all of the hints, sometimes the reader has a better understanding of an unfamiliar word.
4. How can reference materials help readers better understand the text? Which reference materials do you prefer to use if you don't understand a word in a text?
• Potential Student Answer: References, like a dictionary, help to clarify word meanings. Answers will vary on preference.
5. How did Mark Twain use setting in the original text?
• Potential Student Answer: The settings used by Twain provided the structure for the story. The settings are where the events occur.
6. What settings do you think Mark Twain thought were the most important to the telling of the story?
• Potential Student Answer: The cave is an important setting in the story because it was where Tom and his playmate were lost. Twain could not have told the story in this chapter without the cave because Tom and Becky escape from the cave and eventually, Tom and other citizens in St. Petersburg return to the cave to try and find Injun Joe. Another important setting would be Judge Thatcher's house. All of the people of the village gathered there to receive the two children upon their arrival. This setting is where Tom, laying on a couch, told the village about their escape from the cave.
7. What settings were most important to the graphic novel?
• Potential Student Answer: (This answer will vary based on the specific version of graphic novel used.) The graphic novel uses the cave and Judge Thatcher's house as the most important settings. The graphic novel shows Tom and Becky escaping the cave, and at the end, the villagers finding Injun Joe in the cave. Judge Thatcher's house is important, too, because Tom tells the story of their escape and learns about Injun Joe there.
8. How is creating a graphic novel different from creating a chapter book?
• Potential Student Answer: A graphic novel is very visual. In a traditional text, like a novel, everything that the reader experiences is written. In a graphic novel, readers can see what is happening. A graphic novel has to use more pictures and images to describe what is happening outside of what the characters say to one another, but a graphic novel doesn't have near as much detail as a traditional text. Sometimes a graphic novel has to leave some of the details out like Tom being bedridden and visiting Huck's bedroom.

Multiple means of representation: Verbal Discussion; write responses on chart paper

Multiple means of expression: Verbal representation

Multiple means of engagement: Refer to chart paper assignments still posted around the room.

Additional Considerations for Emerging Readers

1. Students answer yes/no questions using their preferred modes of communication.
2. Students use materials as responses that might require more complex answers than students communication allows them to present.
• For example, "Did the questions you have generated help your group better understand the text?"
• Follow-up questions:
  • "Which question did help the group?"
  • "Which question did not help the group?"
• Students indicate their answers by referencing the actual question as opposed to verbalizing (or using another communication mode) the answer.
3. Provide answer choices to students for questions that will be asked in class which may require additional vocabulary in students' communication systems (verbal or other).
• For example, if the question is, "How do context clues help readers understand unfamiliar words?"
  • Students use a word such as "hint" so it needs to be in their vocabulary (on the communication board, in the AAC device, etc.).
4. Certain questions and answers might be pre-planned for students which may require pre-teaching for students to answer correctly.
• Pre-planning accomplishes three objectives:
  • Students know the answers.
  • Students participate more fully in the large group.
  • Students can be more successfully engaged and positively reinforced.

Additional Considerations for Emerging Communicators

1. Students answer yes/no questions using their preferred modes of communication.
2. Students use materials as responses that might require more complex answers than students' communication allows them to present.
• For example, "Did the questions you have generated help your group better understand the text?"
• Follow-up questions:
  • "Which question did help the group?"
  • "Which question did not help the group?"
3. Students indicate their answers by referencing the actual question as opposed to verbalizing (or using another communication mode) the answer.
4. Provide answer choices to students for questions that will be asked in class which may require additional vocabulary in students' communication systems (verbal or other).
• For example, if the question is, "How do context clues help readers understand unfamiliar words?"
  • Students use a word such as "hint" so it needs to be in their vocabulary (on the communication board, in the AAC device, etc.).
5. Answer choices can vary from one correct answer and one incorrect answer to more incorrect answers (distractors) as students becomes more proficient at making choices.
6. Certain questions and answers might be pre-planned for students which may require pre-teaching for students to answer correctly.
• Pre-planning accomplishes three objectives:
  • Students know the answers.
  • Students participate more fully in the large group.

Students can be more successfully engaged and positively reinforced

B. Exit Assessment

1. What do you think Mark Twain is going to write about next in Chapter 33?
2. Extension of activity: Using the questions below as a guide, create one page from a graphic novel for Chapter 33 using the setting of the cave after Judge Thatcher and Tom learn of Injun Joe's death.
3. Use the following questions to guide your graphic novel version of the beginning of Chapter 33.
• What conflicts or problems will Mark Twain write about in Chapter 33 of the text? Where will those problems take place (setting)?
• What will Tom Sawyer do in the next chapter?

Multiple means of representation: Written form.

Multiple means of expression: Written form, Graphic Novel form.

Multiple means of engagement: Small group or individual.

Additional Considerations for Emerging Readers

1. Provide one possible events and one plausible but not correct events for students to choose from when predicting what Mark Twain is going to write about next in Chapter 33.
2. Because this is an assessment activity (as opposed to any of the previous instructional activities) it is important to provide choices that require students to demonstrate their abilities to make logical predictions which is why the incorrect choices provided must be plausible.
• For example, if the choices given were, "The villagers have a party in the cave," and "The villagers have a party in a shoe," the "shoe" answer is not a plausible choice so students could not make a logical prediction.
• If the choices were, "The villagers have a party in the cave," and "The villagers have a party in a skyscraper," students would have to discriminate between two plausible places a party might take place even though the skyscraper answer would not be correct in the context of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
• Students use their established communication systems (technologically-based, eye gaze, touch, verbalization/vocalizations, etc.) to complete the graphic novel page
• Depending upon students' prediction, students:
  • Draw 3 or 4 scenes for the graphic novel.
  • Communicate (using their preferred communication modes) to a partner (peer or adult) what scenes to draw.
  • Communicate (using their preferred communication modes) to a partner (peer or adult) what dialogue or text to include.

Additional Considerations for Emerging Communicators

1. Provide one possible event and one plausible (more depending upon students' abilities to discriminate) but not correct event for students to choose from when predicting what Mark Twain is going to write about next in Chapter 33.
2. Because this is an assessment activity (as opposed to any of the previous instructional activities), it is important to provide choices that require students to demonstrate their abilities to make logical predictions which is why the incorrect choices provided must be plausible.
• For example, if the choices given were, "The villagers have a party in the cave," and "The villagers have a party in a shoe," the shoe answer is not a plausible choice so students could not make a logical prediction.
• However, if the choices given were, "The villagers have a party in the cave," and "The villagers have a party in a skyscraper," students have to discriminate between two plausible places a party might take place even though the skyscraper answer would not be correct in the context of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
3. Students use their established communication systems (technologically-based, eye gaze, touch, verbalization/vocalizations, etc.) to complete the graphic novel page.
4. Depending upon students' prediction, students:
• Draw 2 - 4 scenes for the graphic novel.
• Communicate (using their preferred communication modes) to a partner (peer or adult) what scenes to draw.
• Communicate (using their preferred communication modes) to a partner (peer or adult) what dialogue or text to include.
• Students use a yes/no response to indicate the events in their graphic novels.

Lesson 1 - Resources

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain

www.gutenberg.org

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain, Classics Illustrated

Summary Peaks Graphic Organizer

Context Clues Place Mat Graphic Organizer

Lesson 1 - Appendix

Adapted summary peaks one section EC.pdf

Adapted summary peaks Unit 1 Lesson 1 ER.pdf

Adapted context clues place mat unit 1 lesson 1 adorn - ER.pdf

Adapted context clues place mat unit 1 lesson 1 delirious EC.pdf

Summary of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Chapter 32

The summary below is exported directly from the top row of the Summary Peaks graphic organizer:

1. The people of St. Petersburg had given up searching for Tom and Becky and gone back to their daily routines because they thought the children were dead.
2. Tom and Becky returned late at night and all of the villagers were excited. They partied all night because they were so happy.
3. In Judge Thatcher's house, Tom retold the story of how they escaped and everyone listened.
4. While in the cave, Tom used kite string to explore ways out of the cave and eventually found a hole that he stuck his head through.
5. Tom flagged down some men in a boat on the river.
6. Judge Thatcher stopped searching for the children when he heard about their return to St. Petersburg.
7. Tom and Becky were worn out from their experience and stayed in bed.
8. Tom wanted to tell Huck about his adventures but couldn't because Huck was sick.
9. Tom learned about a man drowning in the river.
10. Tom and Judge Thatcher realize that Injun Joe was trapped in the cave two weeks after the Judge had the cave sealed.

The summary below is written in a paragraph format including transitions:

In the beginning of this chapter, the people of St. Petersburg had given up searching for Tom and Becky and gone back to their daily routines because they thought the children were dead. Unexpectedly, Tom and Becky returned late at night and all of the villagers were excited. They partied all night because they were so happy. Later that night, in Judge Thatcher's house, Tom retold the story of how they escaped and everyone listened. While in the cave, Tom used kite string to explore ways out of the cave and eventually found a hole that he stuck his head through. Tom flagged down some men in a boat on the river. Judge Thatcher stopped searching for the children when he heard about their return to St. Petersburg. After the excitement died down in the village, Tom and Becky were worn out from their experience and stayed in bed. When Tom felt better, he wanted to tell Huck about his adventures but couldn't because Huck was sick. Later, Tom learned about a man drowning in the river. At the end of this chapter, Tom and Judge Thatcher realize that Injun Joe was trapped in the cave two weeks after the Judge had the cave sealed.

Below is a Venn Diagram for the Classics Illustrated Graphic Novel version of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer:

Classics Illustrated Graphic Novel version summary of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer:

In the beginning of this section of the graphic novel, Aunt Polly and Mrs. Thatcher are both very sad. In the middle of the night, the village bells rang, and the villagers learn that Tom and Becky are alive. The villagers go to the river to meet the children. Once everyone gets back to Judge Thatcher's house, Tom tells about how they escaped. He tells everyone about how he found a light coming through a hole and saw the Mississippi River. When he told Becky, she did not believe him. They yelled at a boat on the river, and the people on the boat fed them and took them home. A week later, Tom went to visit with Becky, and he learned that Judge Thatcher sealed the cave. Tom became really pale so someone threw water in his face. Tom explained that Injun Joe was still trapped in the cave. At the end of this section of the graphic novel, Injun Joe is found in the cave.

Proceed to Lesson 2